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Hypertensive heart disease

Hypertension - hypertensive heart; High blood pressure - hypertensive heart

Hypertensive heart disease refers to heart problems that occur because of high blood pressure that is present over a long time.

Causes

High blood pressure means the pressure inside the blood vessels (called arteries) is too high. As the heart pumps against this pressure, it must work harder. Over time, this causes the heart muscle to thicken.

Because there are often no symptoms with high blood pressure, people can have the problem without knowing it. Symptoms most often do not occur until after many years of poor blood pressure control, when damage to the heart has occurred.

Eventually, the muscle may become so thick that it does not get enough oxygen. This can cause angina (chest pain). Without appropriate blood pressure control, the heart muscle can weaken over time and heart failure may develop.

High blood pressure also leads to thickening of the blood vessel walls. When combined with cholesterol deposits in the blood vessels, the risk of heart attack and stroke increases.

Hypertensive heart disease is the leading cause of illness and death from high blood pressure.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your health care provider if you have high blood pressure and develop any symptoms.

Prevention

Diagnosing high blood pressure early can help prevent heart disease, stroke, eye problems, and chronic kidney disease.

All people age 18 and older should have their blood pressure checked every year. More frequent measurement may be needed for those with a history of high blood pressure readings or those with risk factors for high blood pressure.

Guidelines can change as new information becomes available, Therefore, your provider may recommend more frequent checks based on your blood pressure levels and other health conditions.

If your blood pressure is high, you need to lower it and keep it under control.

  • Do not stop or change high blood pressure medicines without talking to your provider.
  • Carefully control diabetes and high cholesterol.
Open References

References

Bakris GL, Sorrentino MJ. Systemic hypertension: mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 26.

Flack JM. Arterial hypertension. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 64.

Rogers JG, O'Connor CM. Heart failure: epidemiology, pathobiology, and diagnosis. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 45.

US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for Hypertension in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2021;325(16):1650-1656. PMID: 33904861pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33904861/.

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(19):e127-e248. PMID: 29146535 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29146535/.

  • Cardiac hypertension hypertrophy

    Cardiac hypertension hypertrophy

    Animation

    •  

    Cardiac hypertension hypertrophy - Animation

    In patients with hypertension, hypertrophy of the heart is a short-term adaptive response to pressure overload. In the long term, cardiac hypertrophy is not adaptive, and can lead to abnormal heart rhythms and heart failure. One of the pathologic consequences of hypertension is systemic hypertensive heart disease (SHHD). In systemic hypertensive heart disease, the heart adapts to the increased work load caused by high blood pressure by increasing the muscle mass of the left ventricle. This is known as left ventricle hypertrophy. The minimal criteria for diagnosing systemic hypertensive heart disease are left ventricular hypertrophy and a history of hypertension. Even mild hypertension, slightly above 140/90 mmHg has been shown to induce left ventricular hypertrophy. Approximately 25% of the population in the United States suffers from this type of hypertension.

  • Cardiac hypertension hypertrophy

    Animation

    •  

    Cardiac hypertension hypertrophy - Animation

    In patients with hypertension, hypertrophy of the heart is a short-term adaptive response to pressure overload. In the long term, cardiac hypertrophy is not adaptive, and can lead to abnormal heart rhythms and heart failure. One of the pathologic consequences of hypertension is systemic hypertensive heart disease (SHHD). In systemic hypertensive heart disease, the heart adapts to the increased work load caused by high blood pressure by increasing the muscle mass of the left ventricle. This is known as left ventricle hypertrophy. The minimal criteria for diagnosing systemic hypertensive heart disease are left ventricular hypertrophy and a history of hypertension. Even mild hypertension, slightly above 140/90 mmHg has been shown to induce left ventricular hypertrophy. Approximately 25% of the population in the United States suffers from this type of hypertension.

A Closer Look

 
 

Review Date: 2/27/2024

Reviewed By: Thomas S. Metkus, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine and Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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