Kaposi sarcoma

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancerous tumor of the connective tissue.

Causes

KS is the result of infection with a gamma herpesvirus known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). It is in the same family as the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis.

Mononucleosis

Mononucleosis, or mono, is a viral infection that causes fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands, most often in the neck.

Image

Read Article Now Book Mark Article

KSHV is transmitted mainly through saliva. It can also be spread through sexual contact, blood transfusion, or transplants. After it enters the body, the virus can infect different kinds of cells, especially cells that line blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV remains in your body for the rest of your life. If your immune system becomes weakened in the future, this virus may have the chance to reactivate, causing symptoms.

There are four types of KS based on the groups of people who are infected:

• Classic KS: Mainly affects older men of Eastern European, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean descent. The disease usually develops slowly.
• Epidemic (AIDS-related) KS: Occurs most often in people who have HIV infection and have developed AIDS.

  HIV infection

  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). When a person becomes infected with HIV, the ...

  

  Image

  Read Article Now Book Mark Article
• Endemic (African) KS: Mainly affects people of all ages in Africa.
• Immunosuppression-associated, or transplantation-associated, KS: Occurs in people who have had an organ transplant and take medicines that suppress their immune system.

Symptoms

The tumors (lesions) most often appear as bluish-red or purple bumps on the skin. They are reddish-purple because they are rich in blood vessels.

The lesions may first appear on any part of the body. They also can appear inside the body. Lesions inside the body may bleed. Lesions in the lungs can cause bloody sputum or shortness of breath.

Shortness of breath

Breathing difficulty may involve:Difficult breathing Uncomfortable breathingFeeling like you are not getting enough air

Image

Read Article Now Book Mark Article

Exams and Tests

The health care provider will perform a physical exam, focusing on the lesions.

The following tests may be performed to diagnose KS and associated conditions:

• Bronchoscopy

  Bronchoscopy

  Bronchoscopy is a test to view the airways and diagnose lung disease. It may also be used during the treatment of some lung conditions.

  

  Image

  Read Article Now Book Mark Article
• CT scan

  CT scan

  A computed tomography (CT) scan is an imaging method that uses x-rays to create pictures of cross-sections of the body. Related tests include:Abdomin...

  

  Image

  Read Article Now Book Mark Article
• Endoscopy

  Endoscopy

  Endoscopy is a way of looking inside the body using a flexible tube that has a small camera and light on the end of it. This instrument is called an...

  

  Image

  Read Article Now Book Mark Article
• Skin biopsy

  Skin biopsy

  A skin lesion biopsy is when a small amount of skin is removed so it can be examined under a microscope. The skin is tested to look for skin conditi...

  

  Image

  Read Article Now Book Mark Article
• HIV test

Treatment

How KS is treated depends on:

• How much the immune system is suppressed (immunosuppression)

  Immunosuppression

  Immunodeficiency disorders occur when the body's immune response is reduced or absent.

  

  Image

  Read Article Now Book Mark Article
• Number and location of the tumors
• Symptoms

Treatments include:

• Antiviral therapy against HIV, since there is no specific therapy for HHV-8
• Combination chemotherapy

  Chemotherapy

  The term chemotherapy is used to describe cancer-killing drugs. Chemotherapy may be used to:Cure the cancerShrink the cancerPrevent the cancer from ...

  

  Image

  Read Article Now Book Mark Article
• Freezing the lesions
• Radiation therapy

  Radiation therapy

  Radiation therapy uses high-powered radiation (such as x-rays or gamma rays), particles, or radioactive seeds to kill cancer cells.

  

  Image

  Read Article Now Book Mark Article

Lesions may return after treatment.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Treating KS does not improve the chances of survival from HIV/AIDS itself. The outlook depends on the person's immune status and how much of the HIV virus is in their blood (viral load). If the HIV is controlled with medicine, the lesions will often shrink away on their own.

Possible Complications

Complications can include:

• Cough (possibly bloody) and shortness of breath if the disease is in the lungs
• Leg swelling that may be painful or cause infections if the disease is in the lymph nodes of the legs

The tumors can return even after treatment. KS can be deadly for a person with AIDS.

An aggressive form of endemic KS can spread quickly to the bones. Another form found in African children does not affect the skin. Instead, it spreads through the lymph nodes and vital organs, and can quickly become deadly.

Prevention

Safer sexual practices can prevent HIV infection. This prevents HIV/AIDS and its complications, including KS.

KS almost never occurs in people with HIV/AIDS whose disease is well controlled.